It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland. At the start of his reign (1625) King Charles I had married the Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria of France. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government" and decreed that a new "Arms of the Commonwealth", incorporating the Saltire, should be placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" as "a badge of this Union".[7][1]. One faction called for a recall of the Rump Parliament and a return to the constitution of the Commonwealth, while another preferred the existing constitution. The Civil War that pitted the English Parliament against King Charles I was fought because the belligerents held divergent views as far as the governance of the country was concerned. Still determined not to compromise with his enemies, the captive king managed to stir up a new bout of violence known as the Second Civil War. Test. The English Civil War. Unlike the prior Parliament, which had been open to all eligible males in the Commonwealth, the new elections specifically excluded Catholics and Royalists from running or voting; as a result, it was stocked with members who were more in line with Cromwell's own politics. Cromwell strove to establish broad-based support for godly republican government - with scant success. The young king just managed to avoid capture, and later escaped to France. The following year, Charles was defeated by parliament's New Model Army at Naseby and it became clear that the Royalist cause was lost. Learn. Over the next five years, he strove to establish broad-based support for godly republican government with scant success. Having decided that Parliament was not an efficient means of getting his policies enacted, Cromwell instituted a system of direct military rule of England during a period known as the Rule of the Major-Generals; all of England was divided into ten regions, each was governed directly by one of Cromwell's Major-Generals, who were given sweeping powers to collect taxes and enforce the peace. His Scottish subjects were left in a sorry plight, and soon the Parliamentarians had conquered the whole of Scotland. Yet it was one of the prime shapers of modern Britain – and it was a revolution. Spell. In 1628, Cromwell became an MP and a Puritan and supported Parliament in its quarrel with the King. Cromwell and his Council of State spent the first several months of 1654 preparing for the First Protectorate Parliament by drawing up a set of 84 bills for consideration. The warrant for the execution of Charles I, 30 January 1649, Oliver Cromwell depicted on horseback, 1650. This new constitution granted Cromwell sweeping powers as Lord Protector, an office which ironically had much the same role and powers as the King had under the monarchy, a fact not lost on Cromwell's critics. The rebellion caused panic in England, and made it harder than ever for a political compromise to be reached. Once this assembly had begun to sit, Charles was assailed by angry complaints about his policies. When these expectations were disappointed, Catholic conspirators hatched a plot to blow both the new king and his parliament sky-high. It was also made a condition of the treaty that King Charles I set about lifting restrictions for recusants (that is Catholics who refused to attend Anglican Church services… The Dutch raid on Chatham in 1667 was one the most humiliating military reverses England had ever suffered. The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as closing down theatres and requiring strict observance of Sunday. Barebone's Parliament was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentries as being an assembly of 'inferior' people. However - following the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to Frederick V, elector of the Rhineland Palatinate; Frederick's crowning as king of Bohemia; and the forcible ejection of the young couple from their new kingdom by Catholic forces soon afterwards - James found himself being dragged into the continental Thirty Years' War. His health failing, the old king died in 1625 and was succeeded by his son Charles, who initially threw himself into the fight against the Catholic powers, but eventually withdrew from the European conflict in 1630. Match. Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals. It was precisely for these reasons that the Civil War started. 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