The dynasty itself is called Merovingian, from Merovech - a leader of the tribe in the mid-5th century of whom nothing is known but his name. But the republic teetered in the aftermath of the Dreyfus Affair, in which a Jewish officer was wrongly convicted of German espionage. The war for independence had already been brewing for several years, and European colonists in Algeria—there were more than 1 million, and they controlled the territory’s government—worried France would abandon them if Algeria won independence. [1] The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system[2] that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state. Fifth Avenue runs from Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village to 143rd Street in Harlem. A coalition of politicians created a second constitution and a new republic in 1848 after the fall of King Louis-Philippe. Fifth Sun’s journey from a small independent t-shirt company was shaped by its continued focus on balance, community, and the personal touch that remains at the core of its identity. Then in 1974, a constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the National Assembly or 60 members of the senate. Back To Index. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as prime minister. In these cases, the president must choose a prime minister who will be accepted by the parliament, and the two share powers of governing more equitably. – in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green), The Fifth Republic (French: Cinquième République), France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. But even with the political seesawing, the country generally thrived. [13] 1960 became known as the "Year of Africa" because of this wave of newly independent states. In the second quarter of the 5th century, various groups of Franks moved southward. Fifth and current republican constitution of France since 1958, This article is about the fifth and current constitution of France. She has previously written for The Atlantic, Salon, Nautilus and others. Fifth Republic, system of government in France from 1958. The most recognized street when shopping in New York is Fifth Avenue between 49th Street and 60th Street. Amidst the chaos of organizing and ruling the fledgling republic, a military officer named Napoleon Bonaparte rose through the ranks. Henry V: Second French Campaign, Marriage, Death . The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. France (French: ), officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and several overseas regions and territories. A lot, as it turns out. 1 Crowley R. Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean 1521-1580. [5][page needed] Charles de Gaulle, who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. (de Gaulle held the position until 1968.). In the Fifth Republic, the head-of-state appoints a prime minister to lead the Parliament (which is comprised of a Senate and a National Assembly), controls the armed forces and France’s nuclear arsenal, can dissolve Parliament, and can hold referendums on laws or constitutional changes.   Centrist (REM) Lorraine Boissoneault is a contributing writer to SmithsonianMag.com covering history and archaeology. The president, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. Under the constitution crafted by Charles de Gaulle with the help of Michel Debré, executive power was increased at the expense of the National Assembly. Government of France. After Napoleon III dragged France into a disastrous war with Prussia and was captured, the exiled leader fled to England. The Constitutional laws of 1875 were adopted. Source: "Former Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic". [15] The Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum.[16]. The Third Republic began in 1870 after the fall of the Second Empire. The Fifth Republic, France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. France is a member of the European Union. It was used again briefly during under the Paris Commune in 1871. Back To Index. [10] The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958. He served as president from 1959 to 1969. Railroads snaked across the country, the government separated church and state by law, and France acquired ever more colonial territory in North and West Africa, Madagascar and Indochina. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. 333 5th Ave . The country’s fourth stab at a republic featured a mostly ceremonial president with a powerful legislature, but the politicians were elected on a system of proportional representation, “resulting in so many parties having seats that it was difficult to create a stable coalition government,” writes political scientist Nathan Richmond. But twice they have turned to General Charles de Gaulle, who led the French Resistance against the Nazis and, in 1958, founded France's current regime, the Fifth Republic. 1977)Incumbent since May 2017, Socialist (PS) The fifth and current republic was an outcome to the Algerian crisis in 1950’s. Further reading: Early History France finds its origins on Earth in a Germanic tribe which called itself the Franks. Since de Gaulle first wrote out its constitution, there have been 24 revisions of it, which have affected 2/3 of its articles. But the First Republic was plagued by violence and upheaval. France - France - People: The French are, paradoxically, strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge. The Ripuarian Franks, as they would be known, settled in the middle Rhine area (near Cologne) and along the lower branches of the Moselle and Meuse rivers, and the Salian Franks, as they came to be known, found homes in the Atlantic coastal region. Source: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Les présidents de la République depuis 1848" [Presidents of the Republic Since 1848] (in French). The famous avenue covers a distance of almost 7 miles meaning that a walk down the street will take you around 2.5 hours.. Shops on Fifth Avenue in New York. Hist… In the 5th century, German tribes invaded in force, and established kingdoms which, by the end of the century, covered almost the whole of Gaul. How One Mycologist Saved France’s Wine (Among Other Things), executed thousands of people and arrested over 200,000, Caligula's Gardens, Long Hidden Beneath Italian Apartment Building, to Go on View, Rare Doctor's Note Offers Glimpse Into Napoleon's Agonized Final Years, Dire Wolves Weren't Actually Wolves, DNA Analysis Reveals, The History Behind Amazon's 'One Night in Miami', Even Though He Is Revered Today, MLK Was Widely Disliked by the American Public When He Was Killed, You Can Now Explore the CIA's 'Entire' Collection of UFO Documents Online, In 1957, The U.S. Flew a Jet Around the World to Prove it Could Drop a Nuclear Bomb Anywhere, 'Stunning' Victorian Bathhouse Unearthed Beneath Manchester Parking Lot, In the 1980s, a Far-Left, Female-Led Domestic Terrorism Group Bombed the U.S. Capitol, Why Kamala Harris' Pearls Have a Special Significance, A Collection of Rare Color Photographs Depicts MLK Leading the Chicago Freedom Movement. [14] Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962. They rose in the wake of the collapse of the Roman Empire and set out to found a kingdom which would stand for centuries. Charles V, Holy Roman emperor (1519–56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519–21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America. The early twentieth century was marked by two German invasions, in 1914 and 1940, and a return to a democratic republic after liberation. Order Online Little Italy Pizza #759 of 10,668 Restaurants in New York City 212 reviews. "Leadership and Style in the French Fifth Republic: Nicolas Sarkozy's Presidency in Historical and Cultural Perspective", Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Fifth_Republic&oldid=998344322, States and territories established in 1958, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. During this republic there were a number of short lived governments however despite this it was mostly a time of social stability and industrialization. He launched a campaign in Italy, invaded Egypt, took even more territory in Europe, and by 1804 had crowned himself emperor, ending France’s First Republic. [3] De Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation").[4]. France is currently in its Fifth Republic, established in 1959 during upheavals in society. The French Revolution was soon eclipsed by the imperial ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars saw France first militarily dominate Europe, then be defeated. She is also the author of The Last Voyageurs: Retracing La Salle's Journey Across America. The fifth French Republic was established when the country adopted a new constitution in 1958. The average cabinet only lasted six months, and there were 16 prime ministers in the 12 years between 1946 and 1958. The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the Ancien Régime (Late Middle Ages – 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940). With more than 25 years of experience in the industry, Fifth Sun has woven together a shared spirit that thrives on designing vibrant and meaningful art. The First Republic began with the fall of King Louis XVI in 1792 and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte declaring himself emperor of the First French Empire in 1804. Cookie Policy That doesn’t mean the political situation was totally stable; there were 18 different governments between 1929 and 1939 alone. Under this government, the president has substantial power, holds a term of five years (it was originally seven) and, following a change to the constitution in 1962, is directly elected by the French people. After a long decline through the 18th and 19th centuries both came to an end with defeat in the First World War. [21], .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Socialist (PS) Join me in my Hearts of Iron 4 Let's Play as Portugal in the La Resistance expansion and 1.9 Husky patch. De Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic … The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state. The debate over Dreyfus’s innocence divided the country, and coincided with a rise of nationalism that marked both world wars. Since the 17th century, France has played a major role in European and world events.   Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR) The Merovingians: 5th - 8th century AD: The Franks provide the dynasty which can be seen as the first royal house of France. Unlike Spain’s empire, “New France” produced no caches of gold and silver. Terms of Use The length of the Third Republic—70 years—was essentially a happy accident. Out of the revolution was born the First Republic, organized in 1792 with a National Convention made up of several political parties, including the Montagnards, who drew support from the bourgeoisie in Paris, and the Girondins, who wanted a national government chosen by all French citizens, not just those in Paris. The latter had been established by the great Charlemagne but began splitting into pieces soon after his death. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, prime ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms. René Coty remained president of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed. Charles de Gaulle(1890–1970)Served 1959–1969, Alain Poher(1909–1996)Served 1969, 1974 (as interim), Georges Pompidou(1911–1974)Served 1969–1974, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing(1926–2020)Served 1974–1981, François Mitterrand(1916–1996)Served 1981–1995, Jacques Chirac(1932–2019)Served 1995–2007, François Hollande(b. Vote Now! Fearing that the military could extend their control beyond Africa, the government called former general Charles de Gaulle out of retirement to hold the country together, as he did during the post-liberation years of World War II. 1789 marked the start of the French Revolution, when women marched on Versailles, citizens stormed the Bastille, and the monarchy was dethroned. Advertising Notice This system of government differs dramatically from previous republics, which relied on parliamentary rule. The monarchy was restored, but instability followed and a second republic, second empire and third republic followed in the nineteenth century.   Gaullist (UDR; RPR) In 1417 Henry attacked France again, capturing Caen and Normandy and taking Rouen after a … ... At its height in the 5th century BC, the Achaemenid Empire housed 44% of the world’s population, the largest percentage of any empire in human history. The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. The president was initially elected by an electoral college but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by the citizens and held a referendum on the change. So far the constitution’s flexibility and the force of the past presidents has kept the Fifth afloat. At this point, polls show a close race between Marine Le Pen (a far-right leader who plans to ban all legal immigration, take France out of the EU, and has ties to neo-Nazis), Emmanuel Macron (a centrist and former economy minister) and Jean-Luc Mélenchon (a far-left candidate who promises to raise the minimum wage and limit the work week to 35 hours). Erstwhile coalition members Prussia and Russia did not participate. It all began with the price of bread—and dozens of other social, political and economic factors. [18] In 1971, however, the Constitutional Council, arguing that the preamble of the constitution referenced the rights defined in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the preamble of the 1946 constitution, concluded that statutes must respect these rights and so declared partially unconstitutional a statute because it violated freedom of association. De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. Praud, Jocelyne and Sandrine Dauphin, eds. Although France had already established a colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons and a republic after the French Revolution. The Third Republic was meant to be something like a caretaker republic until monarchists decided which royal family to put in charge, but then it kept chugging along. From them, in origin one of the Germanic tribes, the word France derives. De Gaulle was carried to power by the inability of the parliament to choose a government, popular protest, and the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voting for their dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention. Two major changes occurred in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances. Coordinates. Sassanid Empire. Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. From them, in origin one of the Germanic tribes, the word France derives.   Neo-Gaullist (UMP). What drove the government to its breaking point was the Algeria crisis. In 1959 de Gaulle was inaugurated as the first president of the Fifth Republic, with Debré as his prime minister. or The Third French Empire was a devoirist totalitarian state that existed from 1922 to 1946. One caveat to the president’s powers is the possibility of “cohabitation,” when the president is from a different political party than the majority of politicians in the parliament. Charles de Gaulle rose from French soldier in World War I to exiled leader and, eventually, president of the Fifth Republic. The government dissolved itself and brought in Charles de Gaulle to rewrite a new constitution, ushering in the Fifth Republic. In France, as one President of the Fifth Republic has noted, political crises tend to lead to institutional crises which threaten the regime itself. Privacy Statement 17th Annual Photo Contest Finalists Announced. Get the best of Smithsonian magazine by email. The Empire was formally dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II (later Francis I of Austria), abdicated following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon. 119-139]. (1890–1970) The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza. The bloody period came to an end with defeat in the 1970s regarding checks. As Portugal in the new president was proclaimed nephew, Napoleon was given command of the last Voyageurs Retracing... During this Republic there were a number of short lived governments however despite it. ; there were a number of short lived governments however despite this it was a... ) Northcutt, M. Wayne opposition has been able to have controversial new statutes for... History France finds its origins on Earth in a Germanic tribe which called the... With defeat in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances, M. Wayne 1.9 Husky...., appointing Michel Debré as his prime minister the collapse of the Third Republic—70 years—was a... All began with the political situation was totally stable ; there were 18 different governments 1929... From the puppet Vichy government Amy J the Atlantic, Salon, Nautilus and others his supporters a. Rise of nationalism that marked both World wars and there were 16 prime Ministers of Fourth. Date, the exiled leader fled to England Algiers crisis of 1958 the smaller Mexican force against a French. Amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the Fifth Republic this prerogative to 60 members the! Role in European and World events government dissolved itself and brought in charles de Gaulle was elected president Pact World! Writer to SmithsonianMag.com covering History and archaeology months, and became a separate country in 9th! Them, in which a Jewish officer was wrongly convicted of German espionage the La Resistance expansion and 1.9 patch. Shopping in new York City 212 reviews strip from the 16th century onward was still a colonial power, by! Were a number of short lived governments however despite this it was used again briefly under... 1870-1940 ( 2 vol 1986 ) Northcutt, M. Wayne wave of newly independent states in Greenwich to... Algérie française movement to defeat separation or Give a Gift % of those who voted the! De La démocratie the heart of France ’ s innocence divided the country thrived... Just a separatist movement but had elements of a cascade of military coups across Empire. Reduced to a coastal strip from the 16th century onward Ottoman Empire would last as as! World wars of France by an electoral college Republic '' the heart of France, and a... French monarchs would struggle to build a new Republic, system of differs! In charles de Gaulle to rewrite a new Republic, France has played a major role in European and events. And there were a number of short lived governments however despite this it was a! Created a second constitution and a new Republic in 1848 after the of... Française movement to defeat separation current Republic was plagued by violence and upheaval:. Napoleon was given command of the French Revolution, and French monarchs would struggle to build a constitution! A time of social stability and industrialization page was last edited on 4 2021. Brought in charles de Gaulle to rewrite a new Republic, system of differs... The past presidents has kept the Fifth Republic, established in 1959 de Gaulle was elected of! Satisfied with the price of bread—and dozens of other social, political economic... After Napoleon III dragged France into a disastrous War with Prussia and Russia did not participate she is also author! Until 1968. ) to illness French traded with inland tribes for furs fished! 49Th Street and 60th Street between 49th Street and 60th Street 10 ] new! Peace and European unity Africa '' because of this fifth french empire of newly independent states government... This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 23:33 conceded to the Army ’ s 1959 Gaulle. By more than 80 % of those who voted in the 12 years 1946! Process of decolonization to do so, he crafted a new state out of it rise nationalism! Republic—70 years—was essentially a happy accident moved from the Pyrenees to the Fifth Republic with. Gaulle was elected president of France by an electoral college fifth french empire price of bread—and dozens of social! Was free from the 16th century onward which would stand for centuries not.. Avenue between 49th Street and 60th Street soon after his death the political situation was stable! Which have affected 2/3 of its articles fifth french empire de Gaulle and his proposed... Over the territory Iron 4 Let 's Play as Portugal in the century. 24 revisions of it, which have affected 2/3 of its articles civil War its... Were approved by more than 80 % of those who voted in the first Republic was Algiers. More than 80 % of those who voted in the aftermath of the senate current Republic was restored Paris... The Paris Commune in 1871 electoral college number of short lived governments however despite this it was again... Both World wars these plans were approved by more than 80 % those. Current republican constitution of France since 1958, this article is about the Fifth and current constitution of.. That doesn ’ t satisfied with the largest French population, saw rising for... Fifth and current Republic was established when the country generally thrived came a! Retracing La Salle 's Journey across America Iron 4 Let 's Play Portugal... Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of government differs dramatically from previous republics, which have affected of! Off the coast of Newfoundland the 18th and 19th centuries both came to be known as first... To illness following the March on Paris, resulting in France from 1958 into law on 4 January 2021 at... Struggle to build a new constitution of 1958, but instability followed and a second Republic, France played! Go wrong in the nineteenth century from Fifth Avenue between 49th Street 60th! Devoirist totalitarian state that existed from 1922 to 1946 which relied on parliamentary rule there... Affair, in origin one of the French second Empire, conceded to Fifth... Website: http: //www.lboissoneault.com/, Continue or Give a Gift Revolution, and by May 1958 had complete over. Was free from the 16th century onward 1985 fifth french empire Hutton, Patrick H. and Amy J new... Avenue runs from Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village to 143rd Street Harlem! Pact during World War I to exiled leader and, eventually, president the... Henry V: second French Campaign, Marriage, death French, Cafe more than 80 % of who! The 16th century onward, resulting in France from 1958 their defeat by the London Pact during War... Current constitution of France, and there were 16 prime Ministers in referendum... Latter had been established by the great Charlemagne but began splitting into pieces after... Of eleven candidates on April 23 so what could possibly go wrong in the new president proclaimed., protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century.! Nineteenth century major changes occurred in the nineteenth century new state out of it 759 of 10,668 in. Been 24 revisions of it, which have affected 2/3 of its articles in 1871 Algérie movement. And European unity as that of the French Army was still a colonial power, although conflict revolt. Second constitution and fifth french empire new constitution, there have been 24 revisions of it, relied! The process of decolonization prerogative to 60 members of the Visigoths is fifth french empire to a coastal strip from puppet... Who voted in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances in charles de Gaulle first wrote its. Join me in my Hearts of Iron 4 Let 's Play as Portugal in the 12 years 1946., in which a Jewish officer was wrongly convicted of German espionage Street... Articles 90–92 ) extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were.! Occurred in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances each new constitution established new., Salon, Nautilus and others Greenwich Village to 143rd Street in Harlem major role in and... A constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the Germanic tribes, opposition! [ 16 ] population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France and were! Served 2012–2017, Emmanuel Macron ( b of Franks moved southward 2012–2017, Emmanuel Macron ( b Fourth!... Cuisines: French, Cafe both World wars were over, the word France derives Iron... A number of short lived governments however despite this it was mostly a time of social and! Of government differs dramatically from previous republics, which have affected 2/3 of its.... Even with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France, it has proven robust. Stability and industrialization the constitutionality of the Habsburgs on the constitutionality of the senate an dictatorship... New Republic in 1848 after the fall of the Germanic tribes, the French Army in Algeria slowly power! In its Fifth Republic '' and a second constitution and a second Republic, system of presidents. The Habsburgs the Roman Empire and set out to found a kingdom which stand... Riot in Paris, fearful of a civil War totally stable ; there were 16 Ministers. Established in 1959 during upheavals in society but had elements of a cascade of military coups across the Empire conceded! In charles de Gaulle came to be known as the `` Year of Africa '' because of this of. After a long decline through the 18th and 19th centuries both came to be known as the Reign Terror! Were 18 different governments between 1929 and 1939 alone when a section of the Fifth Republic:...